Under The Rules of Golf, if a ball that has been dropped in a Dropping Zone has moved nearer the hole and outside the Dropping Zone, is there a penalty for playing that ball from that position?

Appendix I-B-8 says:

When using a Dropping Zone the following provisions apply regarding the dropping and re-dropping of the ball:

b.) the dropped ball must first strike a part of the course within the Dropping Zone.

c.) the dropped ball does not have to come to rest within the Dropping Zone.

f.) the dropped ball may roll nearer the hole than the spot where it first struck part of the course, provided it comes to rest within two club-lengths of that spot.

If the ball does not stop within two club-lengths, re-drop.  If after the second drop it does not stop within two clublengths, you may place the ball on the spot where it first struck within the Dropping Zone.